Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC) license
Authors
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic or resistance training on the serum levels of NF-kB, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, and insulin resistance index in type2 diabetic women.
Method: Participants were 45 volunteer women with type 2 diabetes who randomly assigned into three groups of 15: aerobic, resistance, and control. The exercises performed three times a week for eight weeks. The resistance training consisted of 8-12 repetitions with 60-70% of 1RM, and the aerobic training consisted of 30-50 minutes of running on the treadmill with 65-75% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the intervention, the levels of NF-kB, lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin resistance index were measured.
Results: Eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on NF-kB levels. However, both training methods significantly reduced the insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, LDL levels, and increased HDL levels. The levels of triglycerides were significantly reduced only after the aerobic training. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance training in improvements of the insulin resistance index, blood glucose, LDL and HDL levels.
Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training with 65-75% of the maximum heart rate or resistance training with 60-70% of 1RM can lead to reducing insulin resistance and blood sugar level, and improvement of lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes, without significant effect on NF-kB levels. There is no difference in positive effects of these training methods.
Keywords
- Aggarwala, J., Sharma, S., Saroochi, A. J., & Sarkar, A. (2016). Effects of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels and lipid profile in Diabetes Mellitus type 2 subjects. Al Ameen J Med Sci, 9(1), 65-9.
- Albert S. Baldwin Jr. (2001). Series Introduction: The transcription factor NF-κB and human disease. J Clin Invest. 107(1); 3-6
- Alipour MR, Khamaneh AM, Yousefzadeh N, Mohammad-nejad D, Soufi FG. (2013) Upregulation of microRNA-146a was not accompanied by downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers in diabetic kidney. Mol Biol Rep. Nov; 40(11):6477-83.
- American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. (2010) Jan; 33(Supplement 1):S62-S9.
- Arazi H, Jorbonian A, Asghari E. (2012) .Comparison of Concurrent (Resistance-Aerobic) and Aerobic Training on VO2max Lipid Profile, Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged Men at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 20(5): 527-38.
- Assarzade Noushabadi M. Abedi B. (2012). Effects of combination trainingon insulin resistance index and some inflammatory markers in inactive men. Quarterly of Ofoghe Danesh. 18 (3): 95-101
- Baechle TR, Earle RW. (2000). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2end. Chicago / Turabian. 513-27.
- Bagnati M, Ogunkolade BW, Marshall C, Tucci C, Hanna K, Jones TA et al. (2016). Glucolipotoxicity initiates pancreatic β-cell death through TNFR5/CD40-mediated STAT1 and NF-kB activation. Cell Death Dis. 11; 7(8):e2329.
- Bakkar, N., & Guttridge, D. C. (2010). NF-κB signaling: a tale of two pathways in skeletal myogenesis. Physiological reviews. Physiol Rev. 90(2), 495-511.
10. Balducci S, Leonetti F, Di Mario U, Fallucca F. (2004). Is a long-term aerobic plus resistance training program feasible for and effective on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 27(3):841-2.
11. Banaei P, Tadibi V, Rahimi M. (2014). Comparing the effect of two protocols concurrent training (strength-aerobic) on fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C - reactive protein and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Sport Physiology. 25 (7): 99-108
12. Banz W, Maher A, Thompson WG, Bassett DR, Moore W, Ashraf M, et al. (2003). Effects of resistance versus aerobic training on coronary artery disease risk factors. Exp Bio Med; 228(4): 434-40.
13. Cuevas, M. J., Almar, M., García-Glez, J. C., García-López, D., De Paz, J. A., Alvear-Órdenes, I., & González-Gallego, J. (2005). Changes in oxidative stress markers and NF-κB activation induced by sprint exercise. Free radical res. 39(4), 431-439.
14. Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ. (2003). Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 26(11):2977-82.
15. Durham WJ, Yi-Ping L, Gerken E, Farid M, Arbogast S, Wolfe RR, Reid MB. (2004). Fatiguing exercise reduces DNA binding activity of NF-_B in skeletal muscle nuclei. J Appl Physiol 97: 1740–1745.
16. Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Cox CA, Thompson PD. (2002). Lipids, lipoproteins, and exercise. J Cardiopulm Rehabil; 22(6): 385-98.
17. Esmaeili M, Bijeh N, GhahremaniMoghadam M. (2018). Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on aerobic fitness, strength, beta-endorphin, blood glucose level, and insulin resistance in women with type II diabetes mellitus. IJOGI. 21(6):34-46.
18. Eves ND, Plotnikoff RC. (2006). Resistance training and type 2 diabetes: Considerations for implementation at the population level. Diabetes Care. 29: 1933-41.
19. Fashi M, Agha-Alinejad H, Mahabadi HA, Rezaei B, Pakrad BB, Rezaei S. (2015). The effects of aerobic exercise on NF-KB and TNF-- in lung tissue of male rat. Nov in Biomed; 3: 131-4.
20. Fedewa MV, Gist NH, Evans EM, Dishman RK (2014). “Exercise and Insulin Resistance in Youth: A Meta-Analysis”. Pediatrics, 133(1):e163- 74.
21. Garcia-lopez, D., De Paz, J. A., Moneo, E., Jiménez-Jiménez, R., Bresciani, G., & Izquierdo, M. (2007). Effects of short vs. long rest period between sets on elbow-flexor muscular endurance during resistance training to failure. J Stregth Cond Res, 21(4), 1320-1324.
22. Gilmore T D. (2006). Introduction to NF-B: players, pathways, perspectives. Oncogene. Oct 30; 25(51):6680-4.
23. Ho RC, Hirshman MF, Li Y, Cai D, Farmer JR, Aschenbach WG, Witczak CA, Shoelson SE, Goodyear LJ. (2005). Regulation of I_B kinase and NF-_B in contracting adult rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 289: 794–801
24. Hou, J., Zheng, D., Fung, G., Deng, H., Chen, L., Liang, J & Hu, Y. (2015). Mangiferin suppressed advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through NF-κB deactivation and displayed anti-inflammatory effects in streptozotocin and high fat diet-diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. Can j physiol pharmacol. 94(3), 332-340.
25. Izadi Ghahfarokhi M, Mogharnasi M, Faramarzi M. (2015). The Impact of 10 weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Supplementation of Green Tea on Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance and Liver Enzymes (GGT, ALT, AST) in Obese Diabetic Women (type 2). Armaghane danesh. 20 (2):161-171
26. Janssen-Heininger, Y. M., Poynter, M. E., & Baeuerle, P. A. (2000). Recent advances torwards understanding redox mechanisms in the activation of nuclear factor κb. Free Radical Biol Med, 28(9), 1317-1327.
27. Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Steinhafel N, Vina J. (2004). Acute exercise activates nuclear factor (NF)-_B signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 18: 1499–1506.
28. Kengo Sato., Rena Watanabe., Fumiko Itoh., Masayoshi Shichiri., Takuya Watanab. (2013). Salusins: Potential Use as a Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Hypertension. Int J Hypertens. ID 965140, 8 pages
29. Laaksonen DE1, Atalay M, Niskanen LK, Mustonen J, Sen CK, Lakka TA, Uusitupa MI (2000). “Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32(9); PP: 1541-8.
30. Leotoing L, Wauquier F, Guicheux J. (2013). The polyphenol fisetin protects bone by repressing NF-κB and MKP-1-dependent signaling pathways in osteoclasts. PloS one. 8(7):e68388.
31. Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R,Green D. (2002). Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 56(2):115-23.
32. Marwick T, Hordern M, Miller T, Chyun D, Bertoni, A, Roger B, Rocchini A. Exercise Training for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Impact on Cardiovascular Risk A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009; 119, 3244-62.
33. Mijwel, S. (2012). The effect of resistance training on molecular mechanisms responsible for muscle protein breakdown in healthy old men. J Appl Physiol. 92(4):1367-77.
34. Patel S, Santani D. (2009). Role of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Pharmacol Rep. 61(4):595-603.
35. Reynolds JM, Gordon TJ, Robergs RA. (2006). Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. J Strength Cond Res. 20(3):584-92.
36. Salmani Korjan E, Kamali K, Katebi M, Samiei A, Ghadiri Soufi F. (2019). Hyperglycemia- Induced NF-κB Activation Increases microRNA-146a Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. JArUMS. :7-19
37. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. (2001). Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 414(6865):799-806.
38. Samra YA, Said HS, Elsherbiny NM, Liou GI, El-Shishtawy MM, Eissa LA. (2016). Cepharanthine and Piperine ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in rats: role of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Life Sci. 157:187-99.
39. Saremi A. (2011). Sporting Exercises and Diabetes MellitusType 2: A Review on Evidences. JTC. 2(3): 171-181.
40. Sriwijitkamol A, Christ-Roberts C, Berria R, Eagan P, Pratipanawatr T, DeFronzo RA, Mandarino LJ, and Musi N. (2006). Reduced Skeletal Muscle Inhibitor of κBβ Content Is Associated With Insulin Resistance in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Reversal by Exercise Training. Diabetes 55: 760-767.
41. Taghibeigi Hoseinabadi H, Esfarjani F, Marandi SM, Karami H. (2019). Effects of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Training on Expression Levels of the HMGB1-RAGE/TLR4-NF-kB Proinflammatory Pathway in Cardiac Tissue of Male Rats with Hyperglycemia. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 20(5); 246-252
42. Tantiwong P, Shanmugasundaram K, Monroy A, Ghosh S, Li M, DeFronzo RA, Cersosimo E, Sriwijitkamol A, Mohan S, and Musi N. (2010). NF-kappaB activity in muscle from obese and type 2 diabetic subjects under basal and exercise-stimulated conditions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E794-801
43. Townsend JR, Stout JR, Jajtner AR, Church DD, Beyer KS, Oliveira LP, La Monica MB, Riffe JJ, Muddle TW, Baker KM, Fukuda DH, Roberts MD, Hoffman JR. (2016). Resistance exercise increases intramuscular NF-κb signaling in untrained males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 116:2103–11.
44. Vella, L., Caldow, M. K., Larsen, A. E., Tassoni, D., Della Gatta, P. A., Gran, P., Cameron-Smith, D. (2012). Resistance exercise increases NF-κB activity in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 15;302(6):R667-73
45. Yang L-p, Sun H-l, Wu L-m, Guo X-j, Dou H-l, Tso MO. (2009). Baicalein reduces inflammatory process in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy. IOVS. 50(5):2319-27.
46. Zhao M-X, Bing Z, Li L, Xiao-Qing X, Feng Z, Qi C, Yue-Hua L, Yu-Ming K and Guo-Qing Z. (2017). Salusin-β contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cell Death Dis. 23; 8(3):e2690
)