Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC) license

Authors

1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, amol, I. R. Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.

3 Department of Exercise Physiology, Univercity of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

4 Department of Sport Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, I. R. Iran

Abstract

Aim: Converting white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) is therapeutic potential to combat obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training and capsaicin (Cap) on FNDC5 gene expression and irisin protein level of visceral adipose tissue in rat fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were fed a normal diet (ND, n = 8) or HFD (n = 32) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, all rats were divided into 5 groups: ND, HFD, high-fat diet-training (HFDT), high-fat diet-capsaicin (HFDCap), high-fat diet-training-capsaicin (HFDTCap). Training groups have performed a progressive aerobic running program (at 15-25 m/min, 30-60 min/day, and 5 days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. Capsaicin (4 mg/kg/day) were administered orally, by gavage, once a day.
Results: The results of this study showed that FNDC5 expression (p=0.001) and irisin (p=0.000) was decreased in HFD group compared to ND group. Also, the expression of FNDC5 and irisin in HFDT (Respectively p=0.006, p=0.020), HFDCap (Respectively p=0.005, p=0.021) and HFDTCap (Respectively p=0.000, p=0.000) groups was significantly increased compared to HFD. The expression of FNDC5 and irisin in HFDTCap was also significantly increased compared to HFDT (Respectively p=0.037, p=0.035) and HFDCap (Respectively p=0.044, p=0.033) groups.
Conclusions: Aerobic training combination with capsaicin with increased FNDC5 and irisin in visceral adipose tissue, had Interactive effects on factors affecting browning of adipose tissue.

Keywords

  1. Mäestu J, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T. Visfatin and adiponectin levels in children: relationships with physical activity and metabolic parameters. Cytokines, Growth Mediators and Physical Activity in Children during Puberty. 55: Karger Publishers; 2010. p. 56-68.
  2. Arya R, Duggirala R, Almasy L, Rainwater DL, Mahaney MC, Cole S, et al. Linkage of high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol concentrations to a locus on chromosome 9p in Mexican Americans. Nature genetics. 2001;30(1):102.
  3. Yagi S, Kadota M, Aihara K-i, Nishikawa K, Hara T, Ise T, et al. Association of lower limb muscle mass and energy expenditure with visceral fat mass in healthy men. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2014;6(1):27.
  4. DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Lucan SC, editors. Added fructose: a principal driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2015: Elsevier.
  5. Lucan SC, DiNicolantonio JJ. How calorie-focused thinking about obesity and related diseases may mislead and harm public health. An alternative. Public health nutrition. 2015;18(4):571-81.
  6. Bartelt A, Heeren J. Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2014;10(1):24.
  7. Bi P, Shan T, Liu W, Yue F, Yang X, Liang X-R, et al. Inhibition of Notch signaling promotes browning of white adipose tissue and ameliorates obesity. Nature medicine. 2014;20(8):911.

 

 

  1. Cohen P, Levy JD, Zhang Y, Frontini A, Kolodin DP, Svensson KJ, et al. Ablation of PRDM16 and beige adipose causes metabolic dysfunction and a subcutaneous to visceral fat switch. Cell. 2014;156(1-2):304-16.
  2. Vosselman MJ, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. Energy dissipation in brown adipose tissue: from mice to men. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2013;379(1-2):43-50.
  3. Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463.
  4. Weigert C, Lehmann R, Hartwig S, Lehr S. The secretome of the working human skeletal muscle—A promising opportunity to combat the metabolic disaster? PROTEOMICS–Clinical Applications. 2014;8(1-2):5-18.
  5. Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-[agr]-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463-8.
  6. Kazeminasab F, Marandi SM, Ghaedi K, Safaeinejad Z, Esfarjani F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A comparative study on the effects of high-fat diet and endurance training on the PGC-1α-FNDC5/irisin pathway in obese and nonobese male C57BL/6 mice. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2018;43(7):651-62.
  7. Zhang Y, Li J, Huang W, Mo G, Wang L, Zhuo Y, et al. Effect of electroacupuncture combined with treadmill exercise on body weight and expression of PGC-1α, Irisin and AMPK in skeletal muscle of diet-induced obesity rats. Zhen ci yan jiu= Acupuncture research. 2019;44(7):476-80.
  8. Abdi A, Ramezani N, Amini M. FNDC5 Gene Expression and Irisin Protein Level of Visceral Fat Tissue after Eight Weeks of Resistance Training in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2018;18(1):80-90.
  9. Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serrano M, Guerra E, Pardo G, Tinahones F, et al. Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(4):E769-E78.
  10. Ellefsen S, Vikmoen O, Slettaløkken G, Whist JE, Nygård H, Hollan I, et al. Irisin and FNDC5: effects of 12-week strength training, and relations to muscle phenotype and body mass composition in untrained women. European journal of applied physiology. 2014;114(9):1875-88.
  11. Saito M, Yoneshiro T, Matsushita M. Food ingredients as anti-obesity agents. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;26(11):585-7.
  12. Baskaran P, Krishnan V, Fettel K, Gao P, Zhu Z, Ren J, et al. TRPV1 activation counters diet-induced obesity through sirtuin-1 activation and PRDM-16 deacetylation in brown adipose tissue. International Journal of Obesity. 2017;41(5):739.
  13. Panchal S, Bliss E, Brown L. Capsaicin in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):630.
  14. Ohyama K, Nogusa Y, Suzuki K, Shinoda K, Kajimura S, Bannai M. A combination of exercise and capsinoid supplementation additively suppresses diet-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure in mice. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;308(4):E315-E23.
  15. Abdi A, sheykholeslami z, Ghorbani hasan saraee A, abaszadeh h, farzanegi p, sheykholeslami z. Effects of aerobic training with coriander seed extract on serum paraoxonase-1, TNF-α, and CRP in diabetic rats. Journal Of Neyshabur University Of Medical Sciences. 2018;6(1):70-80.
  16. Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rodríguez A, Gouveia AM, Gonçalves IO, Becerril S, Ramírez B, et al. Effects of physical exercise on myokines expression and brown adipose-like phenotype modulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Life sciences. 2016;165:100-8.
  17. Mosqueda-Solís A, Sánchez J, Portillo MP, Palou A, Picó C. Combination of capsaicin and hesperidin reduces the effectiveness of each compound to decrease the adipocyte size and to induce browning features in adipose tissue of western diet fed rats. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2018;66(37):9679-89.
  18. Senese R, Cioffi F, De Matteis R, Petito G, de Lange P, Silvestri E, et al. 3, 5 Diiodo-l-Thyronine (T2) promotes the browning of white adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced overweight male rats housed at thermoneutrality. Cells. 2019;8(3):256.
  19. Kwon J, Kim B, Lee C, Joung H, Kim B-K, Choi IS, et al. Comprehensive amelioration of high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions through activation of the PGC-1α pathway by probiotics treatment in mice. PloS one. 2020;15(2):e0228932.
  20. Sanchis-Gomar F, Alis R, Pareja-Galeano H, Sola E, Victor VM, Rocha M, et al. Circulating irisin levels are not correlated with BMI, age, and other biological parameters in obese and diabetic patients. Endocrine. 2014;46(3):674-7.
  21. Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Méndez-Giménez L, Ramírez B, Sáinz N, Catalán V, et al. Leptin administration activates irisin-induced myogenesis via nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms, but reduces its effect on subcutaneous fat browning in mice. International journal of obesity. 2015;39(3):397-407.
  22. Baar K. Nutrition and the adaptation to endurance training. Sports medicine. 2014;44(1):5-12.
  23. van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360(15):1500-8.

 

 

  1. Gesta S, Tseng Y-H, Kahn CR. Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell. 2007;131(2):242-56.
  2. Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJ, Townsend KL, Lee M-Y, Takahashi H, So K, et al. A novel role for subcutaneous adipose tissue in exercise-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes. 2015;64(6):2002-14.
  3. Yang Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhao Q. Decreased irisin secretion contributes to muscle insulin resistance in high-fat diet mice. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology. 2015;8(6):6490.
  4. Ghaderi M, Mohebbi H, Soltani B. [The Effect of 14 Weeks of Endurance Training with Two different Intensity on Serum Irisin Level, Gene Expression of Skeletal Muscle PGC1-α and FNDC5 and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue UCP1 in Obese Rats. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences Health Services. 2019 April-May;41(1):72-81. )Persian(.
  5. Hecksteden A, Wegmann M, Steffen A, Kraushaar J, Morsch A, Ruppenthal S, et al. Irisin and exercise training in humans–results from a randomized controlled training trial. BMC medicine. 2013;11(1):235.
  6. Vaughan R, Gannon N, Barberena M, Garcia‐Smith R, Bisoffi M, Mermier C, et al. Characterization of the metabolic effects of irisin on skeletal muscle in vitro. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2014;16(8):711-8.
  7. Sharma BK, Patil M, Satyanarayana A. Negative regulators of brown adipose tissue (BAT)‐mediated thermogenesis. Journal of cellular physiology. 2014;229(12):1901-7.
  8. Zhou X, Xu M, Bryant JL, Ma J, Xu X. Exercise-induced myokine FNDC5/irisin functions in cardiovascular protection and intracerebral retrieval of synaptic plasticity. Cell & bioscience. 2019;9(1):32.
  9. Engin AB. Adipocyte-macrophage cross-talk in obesity. Obesity and Lipotoxicity: Springer; 2017. p. 327-43.
  10. Baskaran P, Krishnan V, Ren J, Thyagarajan B. Capsaicin induces browning of white adipose tissue and counters obesity by activating TRPV1 channel‐dependent mechanisms. British journal of pharmacology. 2016;173(15):2369-89.
  11. Villanueva CJ, Vergnes L, Wang J, Drew BG, Hong C, Tu Y, et al. Adipose subtype-selective recruitment of TLE3 or Prdm16 by PPARγ specifies lipid storage versus thermogenic gene programs. Cell metabolism. 2013;17(3):423-35.
  12. Kong LC, Wuillemin P-H, Bastard J-P, Sokolovska N, Gougis S, Fellahi S, et al. Insulin resistance and inflammation predict kinetic body weight changes in response to dietary weight loss and maintenance in overweight and obese subjects by using a Bayesian network approach. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;98(6):1385-94.