Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC) license
Authors
1 Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease. In this disease, the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain causes a decrease in nerve density and the volume of the hippocampus. Studying the types of sports activities and finding the best type is considered as a way to control Alzheimer's. The aim of the current research was to study the effect of six weeks of continuous aerobic training on the neuronal density of the hippocampus CA1 region and memory performance.
The current research was carried out experimentally. The statistical population was male Wistar rats with a weight range of 300 to 350 grams. For this purpose, 40 11-month-old male rats were prepared and randomly divided into four groups of 10 including the training patient group, control patient group, healthy training group and healthy control group. The rats performed the relevant exercises for six weeks by repeating five sessions per week. 48 hours after the last session, brain tissue was removed and data were collected. Neuronal density was measured by histological method and memory performance by novel object recognition test. The results were extracted using two-way variance analysis at a significance level of p≥0.05.
Neuron density in the hippocampus in the training patient group increased significantly compared to the control patient group. Also, improvement of memory performance was observed in the training patient group compared to the control patient group (p=0.004). Performing continuous aerobic exercises for six weeks increases the neuronal density in the hippocampus and improves memory function in Alzheimer's disease.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Graham N, Warner J. Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias: Family Doctor Publications Limited; 2009.
- Munoz DG, Feldman H. Causes of Alzheimer's disease. Cmaj. 2000;162(1):65-72.
- Richter H, Ambrée O, Lewejohann L, Herring A, Keyvani K, Paulus W, et al. Wheel-running in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: protection or symptom? Behavioural brain research. 2008;190(1):74-84.
- Burns JM, Cronk BB, Anderson HS, Donnelly JE, Thomas GP, Harsha A, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008;71(3):210-6.
- Jiang L, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhou C-n, Zhang L, Chao F-l, et al. Effect of running exercise on the number of the neurons in the hippocampus of young transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Brain Research. 2018;1692:56-65.
- Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Pop V, Cotman CW. Voluntary exercise decreases amyloid load in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;25(17):4217-21.
- Blair SN, LaMonte MJ, Nichaman MZ. The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough? The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;79(5):913S-20S.
- Rendeiro C, Rhodes JS. A new perspective of the hippocampus in the origin of exercise–brain interactions. Brain Structure and Function. 2018;223(6):2527-45.
- Steinberg M, Leoutsakos JMS, Podewils LJ, Lyketsos C. Evaluation of a home‐based exercise program in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: The Maximizing Independence in Dementia (MIND) study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences. 2009;24(7):680-5.
- Liu H-l, Zhao G, Zhang H. Long-term treadmill exercise inhibits the progression of Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Behavioural brain research. 2013;256:261-72.
- Tapia‐Rojas C, Aranguiz F, Varela‐Nallar L, Inestrosa NC. Voluntary Running Attenuates Memory Loss, Decreases Neuropathological Changes and Induces Neurogenesis in a Mouse Model of A lzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathology. 2016;26(1):62-74.
- Pattanashetti LA, Taranalli AD, Parvatrao V, Malabade RH, Kumar D. Evaluation of neuroprotective effect of quercetin with donepezil in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2017;49(1):60.
- Williams CJ, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Voisin S, Li Z, Harvey N, et al. A multi-center comparison of O2peak trainAβility between interval training and moderate intensity continuous training. Frontiers in physiology. 2019;10:19.
- Feter N, Spanevello RM, Soares MSP, Spohr L, Pedra NS, Bona NP, et al. How does physical activity and different models of exercise training affect oxidative parameters and memory? Physiology & behavior. 2019;201:42-52.
- Qin F, Dong Y, Wang S, Xu M, Wang Z, Qu C, et al. Maximum oxygen consumption and quantification of exercise intensity in untrained male Wistar rats. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):1-8.
- Yuede CM, Zimmerman SD, Dong H, Kling MJ, Bero AW, Holtzman DM, et al. Effects of voluntary and forced exercise on plaque deposition, hippocampal volume, and behavior in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of disease. 2009;35(3):426-32.
- Richter H, Ambrée O, Lewejohann L, Herring A, Keyvani K, Paulus W, et al. Wheel-running in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: protection or symptom? Behavioural brain research. 2008;190(1):74-84.
- Mirochnic S, Wolf S, Staufenbiel M, Kempermann G. Age effects on the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by physical activity and environmental enrichment in the APP23 mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Hippocampus. 2009;19(10):1008-18.
- Stranahan AM, Lee K, Becker KG, Zhang Y, Maudsley S, Martin B, et al. Hippocampal gene expression patterns underlying the enhancement of memory by running in aged mice. Neurobiology of aging. 2010;31(11):1937-49.
- Sun L-n, Qi J-s, Gao R. Physical exercise reserved amyloid-beta induced brain dysfunctions by regulating hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammatory response via MAPK signaling. Brain Research. 2018;1697:1-9.
- Pinto A, van Praag H. An exercise infusion benefits brain function. Cell Research. 2022;32(3):223-4.
- Jahn H. Memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2022.
- Buckner RL, Sepulcre J, Talukdar T, Krienen FM, Liu H, Hedden T, et al. Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neuroscience. 2009;29(6):1860-73.
- Belarbi K, Burnouf S, Fernandez-Gomez F-J, Laurent C, Lestavel S, Figeac M, et al. Beneficial effects of exercise in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like Tau pathology. Neurobiology of disease. 2011;43(2):486-94.
- Morris JK, Vidoni ED, Johnson DK, Van Sciver A, Mahnken JD, Honea RA, et al. Aerobic exercise for Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial. PloS one. 2017;12(2):e0170547.
Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015(4)
)