Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC) license
Authors
1 هیات علمی
2 Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz
Abstract
the aim of study was to investigate the effect of simulating staying at medium altitude along with consumption of thyme on the cardiomyopathy rate of type 2 diabetic rats and their simultaneous effect on liver enzymes.Methods: For this purpose, 40 Wistar rats were divided into five groups of eight. In order to induce type 2 diabetes, streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally.Altitude group was alternately placed for eight weeks in night sleep conditions at a simulated altitude in a hypoxia chamber, and thyme group was supplemented with thyme in the form of 400 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract in 30 ml of drinking water. Cardiomyopathy was measured through two indices of apoptosis (western blot) and fibrosis (staining), and diabetic indices, liver enzymes using methods Calorimetry was measured by biochemistry company.
Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of altitude and thyme reduce the fasting glucose level in diabetics (P<0.05). Also, the results of the multivariate analysis of variance test showed Apoptosis and fibrosis showed a significant decrease in myocardial with exposure to altitude and simultaneous consumption of thyme (p<0.025). Also, moderate altitude and consumption of thyme extract had no significant effect on the serum levels of ALT and AST transaminases.
Conclusion: Simulated moderate altitude and consumption of thyme in this research decreased fasting blood sugar and on the other hand, by reducing apoptosis and fibrosis, it prevented cardiomyopathy in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats, but these two variables did not cause a significant decrease in ALT and AST enzymes.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Ramesh P, Yeo JL, Brady EM, McCann GP. Role of inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2022;13:20-42.
- Rubler, S., Dlugash, J., Yuceoglu, Y. Z., Kumral, T., Branwood AW and G. New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 1972;30:595–602.
- Holten MK, Zacho M, Gaster M, Juel C, Wojtaszewski JFP, Dela F. Strength Training Increases Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake, GLUT4 Content, and Insulin Signaling in Skeletal Muscle in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(2):294–305.
- Zhou Y, Suo W, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao W, Li H, et al. Targeting epigenetics in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Therapeutic potential of flavonoids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;157:114025.
- Van De Weijer T, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Schrauwen P. Lipotoxicity in type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Research. 2011;92(1):10–8.
- Ghosh S, Pulinilkunnil T, Yuen G, Kewalramani G, An D, Qi D, et al. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by short-term diabetes requires mitochondrial GSH depletion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:768–76.
- Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Moini M, Safarpoor A, Derakhshanfar A, Sepehrimanesh M. Effects of dietary Thymus vulgaris extract alone or with atorvastatin on the liver, kidney, heart, and brain histopathological features in diabetic and hyperlipidemic male rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2015;24(6):1311–5.
- O’gorman DJ, Karlsson HKR, McQuaid S, Yousif O, Rahman Y, Gasparro D, et al. Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 (SLC2A4) protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006;49(12):2983–92.
- Chou S-W, Chiu L-L, Cho Y-M, Ho H-Y, Ivy JL, Ho C-F, et al. Effect of systemic hypoxia on GLUT4 protein expression in exercised rat heart. The Japanese journal of physiology. 2004;54(4):357–63.
- Faeh D, Gutzwiller F, Bopp M. Lower mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke at higher altitudes in Switzerland. Circulation. 2009;120(6):495–501.
- Chou S-W, Chiu L-L, Cho Y-M, Ho H-Y, Ivy JL, Ho C-F, et al. Effect of systemic hypoxia on GLUT4 protein expression in exercised rat heart. The Japanese journal of physiology. 2004;54(4):357–63. Available
- Hurtado A, Escudero E, Pando J, Sharma S, Johnson RJ. Cardiovascular and renal effects of chronic exposure to high altitude. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2012;27(4):11–6. 04
- Liang H, Yan J, Song K. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis reveals regulation of glyceride metabolism in rat visceral adipose tissue by high-altitude chronic hypoxia. Plos one. 2022;17(5):e0267513.
- Winkelmayer W, Hurley M, JLiu J, MA B. Altitude and the risk of cardiovascular events in incident US dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:2411–7.
- Larsen JJ, Hansen JM, Olsen NV, Galbo H, Dela F. The effect of altitude hypoxia on glucose homeostasis in men. J Physiol. 1997;504:241–9.
- Lin YM, Huang SK, Wang HF, Chen LM, Tsai FJ, Hsu HH, et al. Short-term versus long-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on cardiac fibrosis and fas death receptor dependent apoptotic pathway in rat hearts. Chinese Journal of Physiology. 2008;51(5):308–16.
- Azali Alamdari K, Rohani H. Effects of Normobaric and Hypobaric Endurance Training on Metabolic Risk Factors in Midlife Men. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015;17(2):113-123(full text in persian).
- Chiu LL, Chou SW, Cho YM, Ho HY, Ivy JL, Hunt D, et al. Effect of prolonged intermittent hypoxia and exercise training on glucose tolerance and muscle GLUT4 protein expression in rats. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2004;11(6):838–46.
- Ikemura M, Hyoudou K, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita F, and Hashida M NM. Improvement of insulin resistance by removal of systemic hydrogen peroxide by PEGylated catalase in obese mice. Molecular Pharmacology. 2010;7(6):2069–76.
- Faramoushi M, AmirSasan R, SariSarraf V. Effect of Thymus migricus Extract Supplementation on the Metabolic, Hematologic and Oxidative Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Vol. 19, Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2019(full text in persian).
- Mackenzie R, Maxwell N, Castle P, Elliott B, Brickley G, Watt P. Intermittent exercise with and without hypoxia improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;97(4):546–55.
- Faramoushi M, Sasan RA, Sarraf VS, Karimi P. Cardiac fibrosis and down regulation of GLUT4 in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy are ameliorated by chronic exposures to intermittent altitude. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research. 2016;8(1):26–33.
- Prabhakar NR, Semenza GL. Adaptive and Maladaptive Cardiorespiratory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Hypoxia Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 1 and 2. Physiological Reviews. 2012;92(3):967–1003.
- Burtscher M. Effects of Living at Higher Altitudes on Mortality, A Narrative Review. aging and disease. 2014;5(4):274–80.
- Meng XY, Yu HL, Guo M, Zhang WC, Xu RC. The effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and ZFP580 expression. Chinese journal of applied physiology. 2014;30(5):396–400.
- Lee S-D, Kuo W-W, Wu C-H, Lin Y-M, Lin JA, Lu M-C, et al. Effects of short-and long-term hypobaric hypoxia on Bcl2 family in rat heart. International journal of cardiology. 2006;108(3):376–84.
- Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin F, et al. Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1α. Cell. 2006;127(6):1109–22.
- Gonzales GF, Chung F a, Miranda S, Valdez LB, Zaobornyj T, Bustamante J, et al. Heart mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase is upregulated in male rats exposed to high altitude (4,340 m). American journal of physiology Heart and circulatory physiology. 2005;288(6):H2568–73.
- Yan Z, Lira VA, Greene NP. Exercise Training-Induced Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2012;40(3):159–64.
- Ahmadipour A, Sharififar F, Najafi A, Atashbar J, Karami-Mohajeri S. Preventive effect of methanolic extract of Zataria Multiflora Boiss on liver toxicity of paracetamol in rats. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2015;8(4):270.
- Rezaei Z, Mokhtari M, Shariati M. The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Sativa Nigella and Honey on Liver Enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) in Adult Male Rats Following Induction of Diabetes Mellitus 2. Alborz-Health. 2022 Mar 1;11(2):197–206.
)