Sports and health nutrition
Fatemeh Kazeminasab
Abstract
Background: The exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as a suitable and non-pharmacological method to improve lifestyle and reduce metabolic diseases, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic exercise and vegetarian ...
Read More
Background: The exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as a suitable and non-pharmacological method to improve lifestyle and reduce metabolic diseases, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on insulin resistance factors.Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2022 for English articles. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on insulin resistance factors (fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random and fixed effect models. Also, the I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot and Egger tests at a significant level of 0.1 were used to determine publication bias.Results: The results of meta-analysis of 29 studies with 10019 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.49, (CI: -6.27 to -2.72), p=0.001], fasting serum glucose [SMD=-0.46, (CI: -0.65 to -0.27), p=0.001], serum insulin [SMD=-0.42, (CI: -0.52 to -0.32), p=0.001], and HOMA-IR [WMD=-0.73, (CI: -0.97 to -0.49), p=0.001].Conclusion: The findings of the present meta-analysis show the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving insulin resistance. So, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are suggested as a non-drug approach for reducing fasting insulin and glucose for adults.
Exercise Physiology
Maryam Belbasi; Asieh Abbassi Daloii; Ahmad Abdi
Abstract
Aim: Type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with changes in the body's metabolism, which is a determining factor in the development of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks high-intensity interval training on Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) ...
Read More
Aim: Type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with changes in the body's metabolism, which is a determining factor in the development of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks high-intensity interval training on Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) levels of adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic obese rats. Method: To implementation of this experimental research, 32 obese male wistar rats (weight 320±20 gr) randomly were divided into 4 groups including obese control, shem (obese), obese diabetic, obese diabetic - high-intensity interval training. Intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide amide-streptozotocin was used to induction type 2 diabetes. high-intensity interval training program was performed 4 days a week for six weeks. VEGF-A and A-FABP levels in rat adipose tissue were measured using by ELISA kit. Results: the VEGF-A level in adipose tissue in the obese diabetic group was significantly lower than the obese control group (P=0.001). Also, A-FABP (P=0.001) and insulin resistance (P=0.004) was significantly higher in the obese diabetic group than the obese control groups. High-intensity interval training was associated with significant increase of VEGF-A and decrease A-FABP levels in adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese diabetic rats (P=0.001). Conclusion: It seems that high-intensity interval training can help improve adipose tissue metabolic parameters and insulin resistance in obese diabetic rats.
Exercise Physiology
Ghasem Torabi Palat Kaleh; Ahmad Abdi; Asieh Abbassi Daloii
Abstract
Aim: Heart performance declines with age and obesity. Aging and obesity a major risk factor toward the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aging heart undergoes several changes at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels, which diminishes its contractile function. The aim of the ...
Read More
Aim: Heart performance declines with age and obesity. Aging and obesity a major risk factor toward the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aging heart undergoes several changes at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels, which diminishes its contractile function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and omega-3 on atrophy indices in the cardiomyocytes of elderly HFD rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (mean weight 148.82±18.24) were divided into 5 groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet-Omega3 (HFDω3) and High-Fat Diet-Training-Omega3 (HFDTω3). The supplement groups received 1 g of Omega3 (per kg of body weight) orally during the intervention period. Aerobic exercise program including running on treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed 5 days a week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05. Results: Significant decrease were seen in FoxO3a, MAFbx, and MuRF1 gene expression levels in HFDT (p=0.039, p=0.016, and p=0.043, respectively), HFDω3 (p=0.035, p=0.044, p=0.030, respectively), and HFDTω3 (p=0.0001, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001 respectively). Also, a significant decrease in FoxO3a expression was observed in the HFDTω3 group compared to HFDT (P=0.040) and HFDω3 (P=0.045). Conclusion: Aerobic training and omega-3 protected against HFD-induced cardiac atrophy in elderly rats, however, the combined effect of aerobic exercise and omega-3 was better.
Exercise Physiology
Ghasem Torabi Palat Kaleh; Mostafa Kazemi; Soraya Saeidi
Abstract
Aim: Diabetes leads to extensive cardiac fibrosis, which worsens as disease progresses, culminating in diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we investigated the effect of aerobic exercise (AT) and berberine chloride (BR) on the expression of TGF-β/Smad4 heart tissue in diabetic rats.Methods: In ...
Read More
Aim: Diabetes leads to extensive cardiac fibrosis, which worsens as disease progresses, culminating in diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we investigated the effect of aerobic exercise (AT) and berberine chloride (BR) on the expression of TGF-β/Smad4 heart tissue in diabetic rats.Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats (276/09±17.03, 10 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n=8): Diabetes (DM), Diabetes-Berberine (BRDM), Diabetes-Aerobic Training (ATDM), Diabetes-Aerobic Training-Berberine (ATBRDM). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin. Training groups have performed a progressive aerobic running program (at 10-18 m/min, 10-40 min/day, and 5 days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for six weeks. Berberine chloride (30 mg/kg/day) were administered orally, by gavage, once a day. At the end of six weeks-- heart tissue samples were collected. TGF-β and Smad4 gene expression levels were measured by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p<0.05.Results: The results showed that AT, BR and AT-BR combination in diabetic rats significantly decreased TGF-β (p = 0. 0001)) and Smad4 (p = 0. 0001) in heart tissue. Also, a significant decreased the amount of this index was observed in the ATBRDM compared to the BRDM and ATDM groups (p <0.05).Conclusions: AT and BR by improving heart tissue fibrosis markers is an effective strategy to improve cardiac fibrosis in diabetic rats with STZ. In addition, AT and BR supplementation showed a protective cardioprotective effect of reducing cardiac fibrosis markers.
Maryam Mostafavian; Ahmad Abdi; Javad Mehrabani; Alireza Barari
Abstract
Aim: Converting white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) is therapeutic potential to combat obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training and capsaicin (Cap) on FNDC5 gene expression and irisin protein level of visceral adipose tissue in rat fed ...
Read More
Aim: Converting white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) is therapeutic potential to combat obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training and capsaicin (Cap) on FNDC5 gene expression and irisin protein level of visceral adipose tissue in rat fed a high-fat diet (HFD).Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were fed a normal diet (ND, n = 8) or HFD (n = 32) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, all rats were divided into 5 groups: ND, HFD, high-fat diet-training (HFDT), high-fat diet-capsaicin (HFDCap), high-fat diet-training-capsaicin (HFDTCap). Training groups have performed a progressive aerobic running program (at 15-25 m/min, 30-60 min/day, and 5 days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. Capsaicin (4 mg/kg/day) were administered orally, by gavage, once a day. Results: The results of this study showed that FNDC5 expression (p=0.001) and irisin (p=0.000) was decreased in HFD group compared to ND group. Also, the expression of FNDC5 and irisin in HFDT (Respectively p=0.006, p=0.020), HFDCap (Respectively p=0.005, p=0.021) and HFDTCap (Respectively p=0.000, p=0.000) groups was significantly increased compared to HFD. The expression of FNDC5 and irisin in HFDTCap was also significantly increased compared to HFDT (Respectively p=0.037, p=0.035) and HFDCap (Respectively p=0.044, p=0.033) groups.Conclusions: Aerobic training combination with capsaicin with increased FNDC5 and irisin in visceral adipose tissue, had Interactive effects on factors affecting browning of adipose tissue.
Karim Azali Alamdari; Y yavari; R Hosseinzadeh; A Rahbar Ghazi
Abstract
Aim: In this study the effects of a single training session of overweight men before and after a meal on serum acetylated ghrelin levels, daily energy intake and the exercise energy expenditure were compared.
Method: In this semi experimental study, 30 overweight men (Mean and SD age of 25.2±3.54 ...
Read More
Aim: In this study the effects of a single training session of overweight men before and after a meal on serum acetylated ghrelin levels, daily energy intake and the exercise energy expenditure were compared.
Method: In this semi experimental study, 30 overweight men (Mean and SD age of 25.2±3.54 years, BMI 27.96±3.64 kg/m2, weight 83.2±5.8 kg) were randomized into three groups (n = 10) including before lunch training, post lunch training and control. Experimental groups performed eight weeks, three sessions/wk of aerobic training sessions, consisted of 25 to 40 min of treadmill running and/or cycling at maximal fat oxidation intensity, either an hour prior to or two hours after a meal. Exercise energy expenditure, daily caloric intake and fasting serum acylated ghrelin levels in response to a single exercise session were measured as data in both pre and post-test occasions.
Results: A single training session either pre or post lunch meal increases serum acylated ghrelin level (P≤ 0/001), exercise energy expenditure (P≤ 0/001) and daily caloric intake (P≤ 0/001); indicating a compensatory energy intake which lowers the expected exercise-induced weight loss.
However, pre meal exercise leads to more remarkable increases in exercise energy cost (P≤ 0/001) concomitant with an elevated fasting serum acylated ghrelin levels (P≤ 0/001).
Conclusion: If appetite suppression is the only goal for exercise, it seems that exercise training should be performed after meals, and if maximizing each session’s energy cost is the case, it is better to practice before meals.
O Mohajer Iravani; A Abdi; A Abbassi Daloii
Abstract
Aim: : In type 2 diabetes patients, the level of incretins is reduced. Incretins play an important role in glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training along with Momordica charantia L on serum incretin levels in man with type 2 diabetes.
Method: In this study, ...
Read More
Aim: : In type 2 diabetes patients, the level of incretins is reduced. Incretins play an important role in glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training along with Momordica charantia L on serum incretin levels in man with type 2 diabetes.
Method: In this study, 36 men with type 2 diabetes (age 53.08±5.15 years, wight 78.08±6.53kg and BMI 26.22±1.2218 kg/square meters) were selected and were randomly divided into four groups (Control-Water, Control-Momordica charantia, Control-Training and Momordica charantia+Training). The training groups participated in a progressive aerobic training for eight weeks, three sessions a week (running with 40% to 70% of the reserved heart rate and for 15 to 45 min). The groups of Control-Momordica charantia and Momordica charantia+Training were provided 2000 mg of Momordica charantia (In 500 mg capsules) for eight weeks (Twice a day before breakfast and dinner). Two days before and after the protocol, blood samples were taken in fasting state.
Results: The results showed that the GLP-1 I and GIP Increased significantly in all experimental group compared to the control group. (Respectively p=0.000 and p=0.000), Also a significant increase in GLP-1 in Momordica charantia+Training compared to the Momordica charantia and GLP-1 in Momordica charantia+Training compared to the Momordica charantia and Training. Other results showed a significant increase in GLP-1 and GIP in all experimental groups compared to pre-tes (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training and Momordica charantia and combination of both, It improves the factors affecting glycemic control in men with type 2 diabetes.
S Vakil Mahallati; M ShariatZadeh Joneidi; H Rohani
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term CLA supplementation on fat burning rate during exercise in obese women. Method: The subjects of this study were 10 obese women (age 34.7±4.7 yrs, BMI 34.2±4.8 kg/m2, and weight 83.1±1.9 kg). Subjects consumed ...
Read More
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term CLA supplementation on fat burning rate during exercise in obese women. Method: The subjects of this study were 10 obese women (age 34.7±4.7 yrs, BMI 34.2±4.8 kg/m2, and weight 83.1±1.9 kg). Subjects consumed 1.5 g/day CLA for 7 days. An incremental exercise test on a treadmill was performed before and after the supplementation period to measure the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and corresponding intensity (FATmax). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the test for measuring the serum levels of Glycerol. Paired t-test and ANOVA with repeated measures were used to compare the means of variables. Results: There was no significant difference in mean FATmax between before and after CLA supplementation (p=0.655). Also, no significant difference was observed in MFO between before and after CLA supplementation (p=0.133). CLA supplementation after one exercise session did not have a significant effect on plasma glycerol; However, the interactive effect of these two factors was significant and increased the glycerol levels. Conclusion: In general, the findings of this study showed that CLA supplementation, at least in short-term period, does not improve the fat burning rate during exercise in obese women.
Reza Rezaee Shirazi; Fatemeh Hossini
Volume 3, Issue 1 , April 2013, , Pages 47-58
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of continuous and intermittent aerobic training on Visfatin and insulin resistance plasma levels in 17-25 years obese males.
Method: Fifty participants (age: 22.05±3.9 years; weight: 89.85±12.8 kg; height: 176.7±10.09 ...
Read More
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of continuous and intermittent aerobic training on Visfatin and insulin resistance plasma levels in 17-25 years obese males.
Method: Fifty participants (age: 22.05±3.9 years; weight: 89.85±12.8 kg; height: 176.7±10.09 cm) were randomly divided into continuous and intermittent aerobic groups. The continuous aerobic group performed the training protocol with 60 to 80 percent of Vo2max and the intermittent aerobic group with 55 to 85 percent of Vo2max for 60 minutes in session, 5 days per week. Fasting plasma Visfatin and insulin levels were measured by ELISA and fasting plasma glucose was measured by a enzymatic method. Insulin resistance was determined by HOMA-IR formula. The significance of the effects of training were assessed by the dependent t-test and post-test significance between groups was assessed using the independent t-test (P≤0.05).
Results: Findings have shown that the eight weeks of continuous aerobic training significantly decreased visfatin plasma levels and insulin resistance resting levels (P≤0.05), and the eight weeks of intermittent aerobic training were significantly decreased in visfatin plasma levels (P≤0.05) and insulin resistance resting levels (P≤0.05), but there was no significant decrease between post-tests in visfatin plasma levels and insulin resistance resting levels.
Conclusion: The eight-week continuous and intermittent aerobic training programs may effect to reduce visfatin plasma level and insulin resistance resting that related to decrease of body mass index.
Key words: Exercise, Glucose, Fasting insulin, Visceral fat.
Abbasali Gaeini; Ali Hoseini; Ali Samadi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , July 2011, , Pages 99-106
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: Despite the large amount of proteins in the plasma, the urine is virtually protein free due to the selectivity of the glomerular barrier. Various physiologic settings, including exercise, can induce a transient increase in the urinary protein excretion that is usually benign and reversible. ...
Read More
Abstract
Aim: Despite the large amount of proteins in the plasma, the urine is virtually protein free due to the selectivity of the glomerular barrier. Various physiologic settings, including exercise, can induce a transient increase in the urinary protein excretion that is usually benign and reversible. Several studies have reported postexercise proteinuria in healthy adults. However, there is little information about this phenomenon in adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the comparison of exercise-induced proteinuria after a semi-soccer protocol and a soccer match in male adolescents.
Method: Twenty-two adolescent male soccer players (age 14-16) were selected for this study and randomly assigned to soccer match or semi-soccer protocol groups. Urinary samples were gathered in form of 24-hours samples before and 24 hours after completion of exercise protocol.
Results: The result showed that completion of both the semi-soccer protocol and the soccer match caused significant increase in urinary excretion of total protein, creatinine, beta2microglobulin and gama glutamyle transfrase (p>0.0001). Also, in post-test, urinary excretion of all noted indexes was slightly higher in the soccer group but the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Changes in renal hemodynamics, glomerular basement membrane permeability, blood acidity, membrane charge, and hormonal and enzymatic alterations induced by exercise probably cause increase in glomerular permeability and disturbance of tubular reabsorbtion and it causes the excretion of low and high molecular weight protein in urine after exercise.
Key words: Exercise-induced proteinuria, Beta-2-microglobulin, Gama glutamyle transfrase, Creatinine
