R Soori; F Goodarzvand; A Akbarnejad; M EffatPanah; A Ramezankhani
Abstract
Aim: Interleukin 13 is a cytokine that can be generated during type 2 immune responses and increased as an inflammatory factor in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks high intensity interval training on interleukin 13 levels and insulin ...
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Aim: Interleukin 13 is a cytokine that can be generated during type 2 immune responses and increased as an inflammatory factor in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks high intensity interval training on interleukin 13 levels and insulin resistance in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Method: In this quasi-experimental research, thirty adolescent boys (mean age: 12.7±5.3 years; body mass index: 25.7±3.2) and thirty adolescent girls (mean age: 12.6±5.4 years; body mass index: 26.3±2.8) with ADHD were randomly allocated to high intensity interval training and control groups. The high intensity interval group performed three HIIT sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20-m area with 20-30s recoveries. At the beginning and end of the sixth week interleukin 13 levels and insulin resistance index were assessed. Data were analyzed with ANCOVA with SPSS16 at the significant levels of p<0.05.
Results: Data analysis showed that high intensity interval training decreased significantly anthropometric indices, interleukin 13 and insulin resistance index in experimental group.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that high intensity interval training as an effective method has a positive impact on weight loss, increased level of serum interleukin 13 and insulin resistance index in adolescents with ADHD.
Fatemeh Kazeminasab
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of lncRNAs associated with Glucose 6 phosphatase (G6P) and Glucokinase (GCK) in obese diabetic mice. Materials and methods: Eighteen C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: mice fed a high-fat diet ...
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Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of lncRNAs associated with Glucose 6 phosphatase (G6P) and Glucokinase (GCK) in obese diabetic mice. Materials and methods: Eighteen C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: mice fed a high-fat diet (n=12) and mice fed a standard diet (n=6) for 16 weeks. Then, diabetic mice were divided into two groups: high-fat diet-exercise, high-fat diet-sedentary. The exercised mice were trained on a treadmill for 8 weeks at an average speed of 21 m/min for 50 minutes. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. Liver tissue was isolated and stored at -80°C. Results: The results showed that levels of hepatic glucose 6 phosphatase and MEG3 increased following a high-fat diet and decreased significantly in trained mice compared to untrained mice. In addition, the expression of glucokinase and lncLGR decreased in diabetic rats, but increased after exercise. Conclusion: The expression of Glucose 6 phosphatase may be regulated in liver tissue probably due to physical exercise and decreased MEG3 lncRNA expression. Exercise reduces the expression of MEG3, which regulates the expression of G6P in liver tissue. Under these conditions, gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose production was reduced and insulin resistance was improved. Exercise also increased lncLGR expression, possibly leading to increased hepatic GCK expression. In this condition, blood glucose was reduced and stored in the form of glycogen in the liver.
K Azali Alamdari K; M Bashiri; R Shokrzadeh Agha Alilou
Abstract
Aim: Nowadays the effect of physical exercise on diabetes control improvement is evident and the both insulin release and function depends on magnesium (Mg) and Mg even improves insulin sensitivity. However; diabetes causes hypomagnesiumemia which in turn worsens glycemic control in a viscous cycle. ...
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Aim: Nowadays the effect of physical exercise on diabetes control improvement is evident and the both insulin release and function depends on magnesium (Mg) and Mg even improves insulin sensitivity. However; diabetes causes hypomagnesiumemia which in turn worsens glycemic control in a viscous cycle. Likewise; little is known about the synchronized effects of exercise training along with Mg supplementation on diabetes control. Therefore; the aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects from eight weeks of aerobic training and magnesium supplementation on metabolic control, blood insulin and glycosylated Hb (A1C) and Mg levels in female patients with type II diabetes. Method: This study was done based on an experimental method using a pretest-posttest design. Thirty volunteer midlife type II diabetic females were randomized into training-Mg, training-placebo and control groups. The subjects consumed magnesium oxide or amylose containing pills (250 mg) once daily in a double blind order for eight weeks. The training groups also experienced eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training (3 sessions/week running for 60 min in each session at 40 to 60% of THR). Fasting blood samples were taken at two occasions between 8 to 9 am; baseline and after the intervention and the data were analyzed using paired samples t test and one way ANOVA at 95% significance level. Results: 30% of the subjects had hypomagnesiumemia at baseline. Blood Mg was just elevated in the training-Mg group throughout the intervention (P<0.05). However; blood glucose, insulin, A1C, TG, waist circumference and blood pressure were all declined in both the training groups (P<0.05). Additionally, there were greater depressions in blood glucose and insulin levels of the training-Mg group rather than training placebo group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training and synchronized Mg supplementation could provide a better diabetes control along with other therapeutic proceedings.
Vahid Sari-Sarraf; Zakiyeh Tavakoly; Ramin Amirsasan
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2012, , Pages 101-112
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: To examine whether time of day significantly affects salivary IgA, cortisol, α amylase and total protein levels before and after sub-maximal swimming.
Method: Fourteen female swimmers (age 13±1.33 years, weight 48±4.75 kg, Vo2max 45.92±3.96 ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate in ...
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Abstract
Aim: To examine whether time of day significantly affects salivary IgA, cortisol, α amylase and total protein levels before and after sub-maximal swimming.
Method: Fourteen female swimmers (age 13±1.33 years, weight 48±4.75 kg, Vo2max 45.92±3.96 ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate in the study. In a fully randomized, cross over design, each subject performed 10×200 m front crawl at 80% of their seasonal best time, with one minute rest between each 200 m, at 08:00 and 18:00 hours on two days aware. Timed, unstimulated saliva samples were collected before and after exercise. Saliva samples were analyzed by two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Statistical significance was accepted at p
Karim Azali Alamdari; Farhad Gholami
Volume 5, Issue 2 , February 2016, , Pages 109-119
Abstract
Aim: Retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4) as an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue, plays an important role in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Despite the benefits of aerobic training on metabolic disorders, the effect of aerobic training on RBP-4 and its relation with metabolic factors ...
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Aim: Retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4) as an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue, plays an important role in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Despite the benefits of aerobic training on metabolic disorders, the effect of aerobic training on RBP-4 and its relation with metabolic factors in patients with metabolic syndrome is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on serum RBP-4 levels and insulin resistance in women with metabolic syndrome. Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 24 women with metabolic syndrome (age: 52.79±4.91 yrs, BMI: 32.77±2.37 Kg/m2 and VO2peak: 40±2.55 L/min) were randomly assigned into two groups including exercise (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. Aerobic exercise program was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 50-60% of peak oxygen consumption for 20-40 minutes. Prior to the experimental period and 48h after last training session, body composition measurements were performed and blood samples were taken to be measured for serum levels of RBP-4, lipid profile, glucose and insulin. Insulin resistance index was also assessed. The data were analyzed using statistical tests of Paired and Independent t-test and Pearson's correlation test at significance level of PResults: The results showed that aerobic training significantly decreased serum RBP-4, glucose, insulin resistance index, body weight, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and metabolic syndrome Z score (P<0.05). Moreover, high density lipoprotein HDL - C levels significantly increased following eight weeks aerobic training (P<0.05). Pearson's correlation test revealed that changes in RBP-4 levels was significantly correlated with changes in body fat percentage, triglycerides, insulin and insulin resistance index (P<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study indicated that aerobic training can reduce the RBP-4 levels and improve insulin resistance and some metabolic risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance improvement is likely to be resulted from decreased RBP-4 levels following aerobic training.
Ameneh Pourrahim Ghouroughchi; Arsalan Damirchi; Parvin Babaei
Volume 4, Issue 2 , December 2015, , Pages 121-135
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance training on visceral adipose tissue, serum omentin-1 and insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methodology: Fifty Female Wistar rats (weight, 180±5g) were divided accidental and according body weight ...
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance training on visceral adipose tissue, serum omentin-1 and insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methodology: Fifty Female Wistar rats (weight, 180±5g) were divided accidental and according body weight into five groups: SHAM (n=20) and OVX (n=30) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into 2 Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary; n=20) groups and one aerobic-resistance training (Ovx+Exe; n=10) group. Two weeks after surgery, one group of OVX rats and one group of SHAM rats were sacrificed and omentin-1, insulin resistance and visceral fat were measured. The other OVX rats were randomly divided into the following subgroups: 1) OVX and sedentary (Sedentary); 2) OVX and Exercise (Ovx+Exe). The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic-resistance exercise (3 days/week, 20 m/min, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load; 3% body weight, attached to tail), three days a week. After complete anesthesia, the abdominal cavity was rapidly opened and blood samples were collected. All intraabdominal fat were dissected out and weighed immediately. Omentin-1 was measured by rat omentin ELISA kit. HOMA-IR was used to estimate the insulin resistance. Results: There was no significant differences between weights means all groups. After two weeks of surgery, there was no significant difference between visceral fat, omentin-1 and HOMA-IR in SHAM2 compared to OVX2. After eight weeks, combined aerobic-resistance training in Ovx+Exe significantly decreased visceral fat gain induced via ovariectomy by 21/4% compared to the level observed in Sedentary; whereas, visceral fat significantly increased by 92.5% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0.05). Omentin-1 increased in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary and SHAM, by56/5% and51/6%, respectively; whereas it was significantly decreased by3/1% in Sedentary compared to SHAM (p<0.05). HOMA-IR induced via ovariectomy significantly decreased by74.7% in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary; whereas, it significantly increased by 193.7% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0/05). Also, HOMA-IR decreased in Ovx+Exe compared to SHAM2, but it was n ́t significant. Conclusion: 8 week aerobic-resistance training successfully decreased visceral fat and insulin resistance via increasing omentin-1. So, it seems that 8-week aerobic-resistance training with 70-85% Vo2max is suitable for controlling body weight gain, decreasing visceral fat and insulin resistance and increasing omentin-1 in menopause period.
Elham Motamedi; Maryam Ebrahimi; Abuzar Jorbonian
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine and carbohydrate co-ingestion on anaerobic performance and muscular strength of female wushu athletes. Methods: 7 female wushu athletes with 22.00 ± 6.11 years of age, 52.96 ± 4.87 kg weight and 161.29 ± 5.28 cm height ...
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Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine and carbohydrate co-ingestion on anaerobic performance and muscular strength of female wushu athletes. Methods: 7 female wushu athletes with 22.00 ± 6.11 years of age, 52.96 ± 4.87 kg weight and 161.29 ± 5.28 cm height participated in 1RM leg and bench press and RAST tests on 4 occasions separated by 1-week washout after accidental consumption of caffeine (6 mg/kg in 250 mL water), 8% carbohydrate (21 g in 250 mL water), caffeine+carbohydrate and placebo. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni tests in SPSS26, α = 0.05).Results: caffeine alone did not affect variables (P ≥ 0.05). Carbohydrate consumption increased 1RM bench press ⁓7% (P = 0.010) and 1RM leg press ⁓16% (P = 0.033). co-ingestion of carbohydrate and caffeine improved mean power ⁓15% (P = 0.027), 1RM bench press ⁓26% (P = 0.005) and leg press ⁓39% (P = 0.027). Conclusion: it seems, that carbohydrate has more effect on strength than caffeine, but combined with caffeine it may improve mean power besides the muscular strength in female wushu athletes due to effects on the central nervous system and increasing carbohydrate effect.
R Rahimi; A Jalali
Abstract
َAim: In this study, the effect of green tea extract consumption on plasma Homocysteine (Hcy) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was evaluated after acute resistance exercise in untrained men.
Method: For this purpose, 8 sedentary males (age 36.12±3.11 year; BMI 22.59±2.11kgm2) ...
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َAim: In this study, the effect of green tea extract consumption on plasma Homocysteine (Hcy) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was evaluated after acute resistance exercise in untrained men.
Method: For this purpose, 8 sedentary males (age 36.12±3.11 year; BMI 22.59±2.11kgm2) randomly selected and, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study consumed green tea extract (two capsules of 500 mg per day) or placebo (2 capsules of 500 mg per day maltodextrin) for 2 weeks. After this period, they participated in resistance exercise that involves three sets with 75% of one repetition maximum (1RM) and 2 minutes rest between sets and exercises. Blood samples were collected from the brachial vein before and after the resistance exercise to determine the concentration of Hcy and ox-LDL.Results: The result of for ANOVA Repeated Measures showed significant differences in ox-LDL concentration in time and between conditions of green tea extract and placebo (P<0.05), Bonferroni post hoc test was used to check further evaluation, revealed a significant decrease in the concentration of ox-LDL immediately after resistance exercise in green tea compared with placebo (p<0.05) and t-test showed a significant increase in this index in pre-test compared to post-test in the placebo condition (p<0.01). In relation to serum concentration of Hcy, findings suggest a significant increase in this Index at post-test compared to pre-test only in terms of taking placebo (p<0.01).Conclusion: In general, the findings suggest a beneficial effect of 2 weeks green tea extract to prevent a significant increase in serum levels of ox-LDL after acute resistance exercise which is known as one of the key factors in the development of atherosclerosis. However, consumption of green tea extract did not have significant effect on serum Hcy concentration after acute resistance exercise.
J Vakili; f Halal Khor; M Aghaei
Abstract
Aim: : Exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR)is a modern method of training that has been developed in two recent decades and has been used for improvement of performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the effect of 4 weeks rock climbing with blood flow restriction on athletic ...
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Aim: : Exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR)is a modern method of training that has been developed in two recent decades and has been used for improvement of performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the effect of 4 weeks rock climbing with blood flow restriction on athletic performance and some muscle damage indictors in elite rock climbers. Method: : In a semi experimental research method, 12 male and 12 female elite rock climbers with at least 4 years rock climbing experience and age range of 23 to 27 years and a fat percentage of 10 to 20 percent purposefully selected among the climbers, and allocated in two equal BFR and none-BFR groups. Both groups performed 4-week rock climbing training program consisting three sessions per week and each session was 90 minutes, severity of each session was 60 to 80% of climbing grades. Blood samples were obtained in baseline and after four weeks of climbing training to determine the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate. Also, hand grip, explosive anaerobic power, body fat percent, adduction strength in upper body and degree of climbing was measured. For data analysis, independent T test was used at α ≤ 0.05. Results: After 4 weeks of climbing with and without limitation of blood flow, the index of muscular damage of LDH, CK did not show significant difference in response to climbing exercise. But lactate level was lower in BFR rather than NBFR. There are not any difference in Hand Crip strength, explosive anaerobic power, body fat percent, adduction strength in upper body between BFR and NBFR groups. But in degree of climbing, the result showed the better performance in BFR than NBFR (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, rock climbing training with or without BFR, do not increase muscular damage. and it could influence on performance.
F Soheili; M Azizi; R Soori; V Tahmasebi
Abstract
Aim: Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of abnormalities such as impaired glucose tolerance, type2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The discovery of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP-1B) seems to be a milestone in the investigation of insulin signaling transmission. ...
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Aim: Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of abnormalities such as impaired glucose tolerance, type2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The discovery of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP-1B) seems to be a milestone in the investigation of insulin signaling transmission. Thus the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on expression of PTP-1B in the muscle tissue in type 2 diabetic rats.. Method: In this study, 20, ten week old diabetic male rats were randomly divided into high intensity interval and control groups. The training group performed training protocol on a treadmill for 6 weeks and 5 session/week, with gradual increase in speed (25-35 m/min) during scheduled runs. Forty-eight hours after the last training session blood and tissue (from gastrocnemius) sampling were carried out in diabetic rats and PTP-1B gene expression was evaluated by Rea-Time PCR method. Data was analyzed using independent t-test and Shapiro Wilk at a significant level of p≤0/05. Results: Findings show that PTP-1B was decreased in the diabetic rats of HIIT group but was not significant (P=0.432). Also, insulin resistance index and fasting glucose significantly were decreased in HIIT group (P=0.001), but serum insulin was increased (P=0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that HIIT does not affect PTP-1B gene expression, but it improves type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Keywords: PTP-1B gene expression, type 2 diabetes, high intensity interval training, insulin resistance.
Hamid Mohebbi; Poyan Sayad Haghshomar; Javad Mehrabani
Volume 3, Issue 2 , July 2014, , Pages 155-166
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The Aim of present study was to investigate response of salivary IgA and cortisol to reduction body's carbohydrate reserves following paddling interval exercise in men kayakers.
Method: Subjects included 10 men elite kayakers, with a mean age of 18.6±4.2 years, height 179.2±4.07 and ...
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Abstract
Aim: The Aim of present study was to investigate response of salivary IgA and cortisol to reduction body's carbohydrate reserves following paddling interval exercise in men kayakers.
Method: Subjects included 10 men elite kayakers, with a mean age of 18.6±4.2 years, height 179.2±4.07 and weight 68.3±9.6 kg, that participated in two separate session within 7 days in two tests and were evaluated. At first, when the glycogen levels were normal, they performed interval exercise protocol, including 3 time padlling for 1000 meters with 90% maximum heart rate intensity and the rest interval 1.5 fold of padlling time, then the day before main test, to reduce body carbohydrates reserves, they performed a test of padlling with 80% maximum heart rate and rate intensity for 60 minutes and a test including 4 times padlling for 250 meters wihe 90% maximum heart rate intensity and 1.5 fold rest interval were followed. Then, subject’s nutritional status was controlled and they were asked to stay fast overnight. In the morning, after 12 hours fasting, the interval exercise protocol was performed. Saliva samples were collected before, immediately and 3 hours after exercise. were used Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test to locate differences and the independent t-test to compare the differences in normal and reduction body's carbohydrate reserves conditions.
Results: One bout of paddling interval exercise significantly reduced salivary IgA and increased cortisol levels (P
Effat Bambaeichi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , July 2011, , Pages 167-177
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical fitness components (flexibility, handgrip, agility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition) are affected by hormonal fluctuation within a monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) cycle.
Method: Twenty eumenorrheic nonprofessional ...
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Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical fitness components (flexibility, handgrip, agility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition) are affected by hormonal fluctuation within a monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) cycle.
Method: Twenty eumenorrheic nonprofessional athletic females (Mean ± SD; age: 25.7±5.7 yr, body mass: 56 ±6.65 kg, height: 1.60±0.04 m, BMI: 22.4±2.8 kg/m2) using pill (at least from 18 months before entering in the present study) were tested at two different times of a single OC cycle, during High Hormone Phase (HP: days 19-21) and Low Hormone Phase (LP: days 4-6). Handgrip was measured three times by dynamometer and the best performance was recorded for statistical analysis. The percentage of total body fat was measured by taking the girth measurements at abdomen, right thigh and right forearm with a measuring tape. Agility, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance were measured by the Illinois agility run test, sit and reach test and multistage fitness test, respectively.
Results: There was a significant difference between phases for VO2max which at LP (27.9±2.9 ml/kg/min) was 2.1% higher than HP (27.3±2.9 ml/kg/min) (p
Nader Shavandi; Abbas Saremi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2012
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric and physiological profiles of senior elite volleyball players according to their playing position.
Methods: Thirty six national volleyball players (age: 24.5±4.5 years) participated in this study. Players were classified to ...
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Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric and physiological profiles of senior elite volleyball players according to their playing position.
Methods: Thirty six national volleyball players (age: 24.5±4.5 years) participated in this study. Players were classified to 5 groups according to playing position: setters (n=7), liberos (n=6), middle blockers (n=8), receiver attackers (n=9) and back court attackers (n=6). Physiological variables consists of aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), anaerobic fitness (15s ergojump test), flexibility (sit and reach test), speed (40 yard running), agility (4×9 m test), explosive power (vertical jump) and anthropometric variables consists of weight, height and body fat percent (5 sites skinfold) of participants were measured. Also, their somatotype characteristics were calculated.
Results: Liberos were the thinner and shorter than other players (p
Exercise Physiology
Maryam Kafi; khadijeh irandoust
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of aerobic exercise and quercetin supplementation on the progression of colon cancer in rats and changes in the effects of IGF1 and myostatin on muscle tissue and the shape of fluctuations in atrophy and muscle wasting. Methods: The subjects ...
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Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of aerobic exercise and quercetin supplementation on the progression of colon cancer in rats and changes in the effects of IGF1 and myostatin on muscle tissue and the shape of fluctuations in atrophy and muscle wasting. Methods: The subjects of this study included 25 male Wistar rats (weight: 250± 30 g, age: 12 weeks) which were homogenized by weight and randomly divided into 5 groups (5 heads in each group) of healthy controls. Cancer control group, cancer group + quercetin supplement, cancer group + aerobic exercise, cancer group + quercetin supplement + aerobic exercise was evaluated. Measurements of IGF1 and myostatin in muscle tissue of rats were performed according to the standard and ELISA method. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic training in muscle tissue of mice with colon cancer had a significant effect on the mean values of myostatin (p = 0.005) and IGF1 (p = 0.019). 8 weeks of quercetin supplementation in muscle tissue of mice with colon cancer had a significant effect on mean myostatin and mean values IGF (P <0.05) in the control and experimental groups (8 weeks of quercetin supplementation) had no significant effect on mean myostatin and IGF1. (P>0/05) Conclusion: In general, the findings showed that aerobic exercise and quercetin supplementation improve IGF1 and reduce myostatin in muscle tissue of mice with colon cancer.
Kazem Ranjbar; Hasan Matinhomaee; Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani; Maghsood Peeri
Volume 5, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 35-44
Abstract
Aim: Effect of zizyphus jujube extract and resistance exercise on liver damaging biomarkers in male rats toxicated by anabolic steroid. Method: 42 Wistar rats were randomly divided into six equal groups: group 1: control, group 2: sham, group 3: anabolic steroid (5 mg/kg), group 4: anabolic steroid (5 ...
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Aim: Effect of zizyphus jujube extract and resistance exercise on liver damaging biomarkers in male rats toxicated by anabolic steroid. Method: 42 Wistar rats were randomly divided into six equal groups: group 1: control, group 2: sham, group 3: anabolic steroid (5 mg/kg), group 4: anabolic steroid (5 mg/kg) + zizyphus jujube extract (600 mg/kg), group 5: anabolic steroid (5 mg/kg) + resistance exercise, and group 6: anabolic steroid (5 mg/kg) + zizyphus jujube extract (600 mg/kg) + resistance exercise. Apart from the control and sham groups, anabolic steroid with a 5 mg per kg dose was injected to other groups once a week. The resistance exercise protocol were consisted of three exercise sessions per week by 5 repetitions in 3 sets of climbing ladder for eight weeks. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software, using ANOVA. Results: The results of this study revealed a significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) and direct and total bilirubins in the anabolic steroid group (group 3) compared to the control and sham groups (p < 0.05). In addition, zizyphus jujube treatment (group 4), resistance exercise (group 5), and treatment with resistance exercise (group 6) caused a significant decrease in liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) and direct and total Bilirubins. There were no-significant differences in albumin concentration between experimental groups Conclusion: : Zizyphus jujube extract consumption as well as resistance exercise caused a significant decrease in liver damaging biomarkers. Hence, the simultaneous use of resistance exercise and zizyphus jujube extract did not show any increasing effect on these biomarkers.
Motahareh Hajati Modaraei; Mohammad Reza Kordi; Aabbas Ali Gaeini
Volume 4, Issue 1 , May 2014, , Pages 39-48
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and aerobic training (AT) on PGC-1α gene expression in the soleus muscle of healthy adult male rats. Method: 18 Wistar male rats were divided into three groups: HIIT (n=6), AT (n=6) and the control ...
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Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and aerobic training (AT) on PGC-1α gene expression in the soleus muscle of healthy adult male rats. Method: 18 Wistar male rats were divided into three groups: HIIT (n=6), AT (n=6) and the control group (n=6). After 2 weeks of adaptation, the exercise protocol started and lasted for 8 weeks. The HIIT protocol was a 6 minute warm-up (50%-60% VO2max), 3 frequencies ( 4 minutes on 90%-100% VO2max and 2 minutes on 50%-60% VO2max) and 6 minutes of cooling down on 60-50% of VO2max and AT protocol was a 6 minute warm-up ( 50%-60% VO2max), main body which lasted for 30 minutes (70%-75% VO2max) and 6 minutes of cooling down ( 50%-60% VO2max). 24 hours after the last workout session, muscle samples were extracted and the expression level of the mentioned variable was measured by RT-PCR. Results: The results marked that PGC-1α gene expression was increased significantly (P≤0.05) after 8 weeks of HIIT and AT, and there were no remarkable differences between the types of exercise. Conclusion: Based on these findings, HIIT and AT have almost the same impact on increasing the muscle PGC-1α gene expression in rats’ soleus muscle.
M Ofoghi; A Isanejad; A Samadi
Abstract
Aim: Aging is associated with the reduction of interleukin-15 levels (IL-15), muscles atrophy and consequently loss of muscular strength. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks resistance training with Thera-band on the serum levels of IL-15, balance and muscle strength ...
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Aim: Aging is associated with the reduction of interleukin-15 levels (IL-15), muscles atrophy and consequently loss of muscular strength. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks resistance training with Thera-band on the serum levels of IL-15, balance and muscle strength in elderly women.
Method: In a quasi-experimental study, 18 elderly women (age: 73.66 ±4.79 years; BMI: 25.6±3.25) randomly were divided into following groups: experimental (n=10) and control (n=8). Resistance training program included 40 min workouts with Thera-Band for 8 weeks and 3 times per week. Forty eight hours before and after the training protocol balance, hand grip and trunk strength were measured using dynamometer, and blood samples were taken in fasted state. Serum levels of IL-15 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: The results showed that the serum levels of IL-15 (P= 0.029), balance (P= 0.003) right hand strength (P= 0.010), left hand strength (P=0.001) and low extremely strength (P=0.001) increased significantly in resistance training with Thera- band group in compared to control group.
Conclusion: Based on these findings it could be concluded that Thera-band training may improve the balance in elderly women and there is a relationship between the changes of muscular strength and IL-15 levels.
Exercise Physiology
Masoud Asgharpour-arshad; HASSAN POURRAZI; Rasoul Bakhshi
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12-week high-intensity interval training on heart mass and expression of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta genes in myocardial tissue of male rats.Method: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups, including sham ...
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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12-week high-intensity interval training on heart mass and expression of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta genes in myocardial tissue of male rats.Method: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups, including sham (n = 10), control (n = 10), and HIIT (n = 10). The experimental group underwent HIIT consisting of 2 - 8 repetitions of 4-min high-intensity intervals (85% - 90% peak speed) interspersed with low-intensity intervals (45% - 50% peak speed), performed five times/week over 12 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, animals’ hearts were removed. The gene expressions of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta were analyzed by the RT-PCR method. The independent t-test was used for statistical analysis (P < 0.05).Results: The results showed that the body weight was significantly lower in HIIT group (P = 0.029) and heart/body weight ratio were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (P = 0.001). Also, beta-catenin gene expression were significantly higher in trained rats than the control group (P = 0.002). Regarding GSK3-β genes expression, although mean levels were lower in the trained group than the control, the differences were statistically insignificant (P = 0.71).Conclusions: HIIT training, along with considerable reduction of body weight, increase the ratio of heart to body weight and cardiac hypertrophy. Also, these exercise training trigger cardiac hypertrophic signals by stimulating the Wnt signaling pathway and significantly increasing beta-catenin gene expression.
Z Hashemi; M Moghadasi
Abstract
Aim: Clinical studies indicated that types of exercise might have different effects on cardiac health and function. The effect of strength and endurance exercises-induced cardiac release proteins on its health is no clear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the Galectin-3 and NT-ProBNP ...
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Aim: Clinical studies indicated that types of exercise might have different effects on cardiac health and function. The effect of strength and endurance exercises-induced cardiac release proteins on its health is no clear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the Galectin-3 and NT-ProBNP levels in strength and endurance elite athletes.
Method: Fifteen elite body builders (mean ± SD age of 23.0 ± 1.4 years and BMI: 24.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2) and fifteen elite endurance runners (mean ± SD age of 21.4 ± 3.0 years and BMI: 21.7 ± 2.0 kg/m2) with at least 3 years of tournament playing were participated in this study as the subject. Anthropometric and body composition parameters were measured. Fasting blood sample was taken for galectin-3 and NT-ProBNP measurements. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Data analyses were performed using SPSS software for windows (version 17) and the level of significance in all statistical analyses was set at P≤0.05.
Results: The results indicated that galectin-3 and NT-ProBNP were higher in the strength elite athletes than the endurance elite athletes were (P<0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that type of exercise is effective on blood galectin-3 and NT-ProBNP concentrations.
A Damirchi; F Dadashzade
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of two volumes six- and eight-week of concurrent training on physical fitness factors, cortisol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level changes in adolescent soccer players. Method: Twenty players (age: 15 ± 0.91 years; ...
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Aim: The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of two volumes six- and eight-week of concurrent training on physical fitness factors, cortisol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level changes in adolescent soccer players. Method: Twenty players (age: 15 ± 0.91 years; weight: 61.10 ± 10.07 kg; soccer experience: at least 5 years) randomly divided into 6-week or 8-week group (n=10). The training protocol had two phases including general (three weeks) and specific in three days a week for 90 min. The type and intensity were same for both groups and only the volume was different between them. Aerobic power (1609 m), speed (60 m), muscular endurance (push up and sit up), and fasted venous blood samples (cortisol and hs-CRP) were collected before and after training period at 8-8:45 P.M and 8-8:30 A.M, respectively. Results: The values of VO2max, speed, push up, and sit up were improved compared to pre-training values in both groups. Eight-week volume was more effective regarding the reduction of cortisol (%16.77; P=0.033), but the speed of six-week group was improved (%5.27) with a large effect size (r = -0.11). With respect to other variables, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Gradual increase in intensity of conditioning training within eight weeks compared to the same increase within six weeks lead to more effective reduction in serum cortisol of adolescent soccer players, but in relation to hs-CRP levels and improve in VO2max, speed and muscular endurance, it has no more advantage.
Maryam Ebrahimi
Abstract
Objective: in this research, levels of metabolic enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK-4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and their relationship with blood glucose, lactate and lipid profile were studied in response to a single bout of Crossfit exercise in fasting and fed state.Methods: ...
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Objective: in this research, levels of metabolic enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK-4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and their relationship with blood glucose, lactate and lipid profile were studied in response to a single bout of Crossfit exercise in fasting and fed state.Methods: 23 healthy female sport science students with minimum of 3 years regular training were randomly assigned into fast control, fed control, fast Crossfit and fed Crossfit groups. At the end of the session, rating of perceived exertion was estimated by OMNI scale and blood samples were collected. Two-way analysis of variances and Pearson test were used at the alpha level .05 in SPSS 22. Results: glucose, TG, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, PDK-4 and CPT-1 mean levels had not any significant differences between groups (P > .05). Plasma lactate level was higher in Crossfit groups compared to controls (P = .045). Serum PDK-4 was positively correlated with CPT-1 (r = .550, P = .007) and negatively correlated with lactate levels (r = .600, P = .003). Conclusion: fasting and feeding had not any effect on metabolic indices, nor in resting neither after exercise. Higher lactate levels after Crossfit exercise and no difference in PDK-4 and CPT-1 compared with resting, probably suggest more contribution of glucose for energy production via aerobic and anaerobic pathways in this protocol.
Mehrzad Moghadasi; Mohadesehsadat Nematollahzadeh mahani; Mohadesehsadat Nematollahzadeh mahani
Volume 3, Issue 1 , April 2013, , Pages 59-69
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on exercise induced-lactate is still debatable. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on blood lactate levels after an exhaustive aerobic exercise.
Method: Twenty healthy young men (age: 22.4±0.8 ...
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Abstract
Aim: The effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on exercise induced-lactate is still debatable. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on blood lactate levels after an exhaustive aerobic exercise.
Method: Twenty healthy young men (age: 22.4±0.8 years; weight: 71.8±8.5 kg; body mass index (BMI): 23.5±2.5 kg/m2; maximum oxygen uptake: 37.7±7.2 ml.kg-1.min-1; mean±SD) were randomly assigned to either a creatine (20 g Cr for 7 days) or a placebo group (same dosage of a glucose polymer) using a double-blind research design. After a week of supplementation, the subjects underwent an exhaustive aerobic exercise. Blood samples were taken before the exercise and immediately, 10 and 20 minute after the exercise.
Results: The results showed that body weight, BMI, lean body mass and creatine levels were increased significantly after supplementation in the creatine group (P
Exercise Physiology
Ameneh Pourrahim Ghouroghchi; Nayyer Ghayyem Alaee; Sajjad Anoushiravani
Abstract
Aim: Exercise reduces weight and prevents obesity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training on serum irisin, lipid profile and body composition of obese women.Method: Subjects were 16 obese female volunteers (age: 33.82±3.91 years, weight: 78.2±2.72 kg, ...
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Aim: Exercise reduces weight and prevents obesity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training on serum irisin, lipid profile and body composition of obese women.Method: Subjects were 16 obese female volunteers (age: 33.82±3.91 years, weight: 78.2±2.72 kg, BMI: 30.22±1.03 kg/m2) who were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 8) and control (n = 8). The experimental group performed eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training, three sessions per week, 60 minutes per session, and with an intensity of 65-75% of the reserve heart rate. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after exercise, and serum Irisin, lipid profile and body composition were measured. Independent t-test and ANCOVA were used to evaluate the mean difference before and after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training. Significance level was considered P <0.05.Results: Serum irisin levels (P<0.0001) and HDL (P=0.003) significantly increased after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training. Meanwhile, weight (P<0.001), WHR (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.0001), fat percentage (P<0.0001), fat mass (P<0.0001), LDL (P<0.001), VLDL (P<0.0001), TG (P=0.027) and cholesterol (P=0.002) significantly reduced after 8 weeks of aerobic-yoga training compared. LBM (P = 0.579) had no significant difference after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training.Conclusion: Aerobic-yoga exercise reduces weight and improves irisin, body composition and blood lipid profile in obese women.
Hamid Rajabi; Ehsan Soleymani Far; Shirin Hasani Ranjbar; Ramin Heshmat
Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 61-78
Abstract
AbstractAim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of intense resistance exercise on IGF-1 system and monitoring time course of changes in its components.Method: Nineteen healthy physical education students as trained group (age 22.21±1.44 years, height 178.41±6.39 cm, weight 73.47±7.86 kg) ...
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AbstractAim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of intense resistance exercise on IGF-1 system and monitoring time course of changes in its components.Method: Nineteen healthy physical education students as trained group (age 22.21±1.44 years, height 178.41±6.39 cm, weight 73.47±7.86 kg) and fifteen healthy nonphysical education students as untrained group (age 23.07±1.91 years, height 174.02±5.08 cm, weight 70.47±10.13 kg) volunteered to participate in this study and each group were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Experimental groups performed one session of resistance exercise with 70-80% 1RM. Blood sampling was done 4 times, 2-hours after breakfast (Pre-test), immediately (T2), 4- (T3) and 7-hours after the exercise (T4). Blood samples were analyzed by RIA method. Two-way repeated measure (ANOVA), Friedman and Kruskal-Walis tests were used to analyze data.Results: One session of resistance exercise was associated with a significant increase in GH at T2 (P
Elaheh Talebi-Garakani; Rozita Fathi; Alireza Safarzade; Hamideh Moradi; Rihaneh Delbari
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2012, , Pages 91-100
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 week resistance training on plasma omentin-1 levels in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
Method: In this experimental study 24 male Wistar rats with mean weight of 288±22g (mean±SD) were randomly divided into 3 groups: ...
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Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 week resistance training on plasma omentin-1 levels in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
Method: In this experimental study 24 male Wistar rats with mean weight of 288±22g (mean±SD) were randomly divided into 3 groups: non-diabetic control (n=8), diabetic control (n=8), and diabetic training (n=8). Diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 55 mg/kg. The resistance training consisted of climbing a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail (3 days/wk, for 4 wk). After 4-week body weight, plasma omentin-1, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations and lipid profiles were measured.
Results: After four weeks plasma omentin-1 levels in trained diabetic rats was higher when compared with diabetic control group, but it was not statistically significant. We did not find any significant difference in plasma glucose, insulin, NEFA and lipid profile levels between all groups. Body weights alteration in diabetic resistance trained rats were significantly lower compared with the diabetic control group.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that plasma levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile and omentin-1 remained unchanged in diabetic rats due to 4 weeks resistance training. Short duration of training program appears to be an effective factor in the absence of significant changes in plasma omentin-1 levels.
Key words: Omentin-1, Resistance training, Diabetes
